Directories in C++
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In this fourth part of a five-part series that focuses on streams and files in C++, you will learn how to handle directories. This article is excerpted from chapter 10 of the
C++ Cookbook, written by Ryan Stephens, Christopher Diggins, Jonathan Turkanis and Jeff Cogswell (O'Reilly; ISBN: 0596007612). Copyright © 2007 O'Reilly Media, Inc. All rights reserved. Used with permission from the publisher. Available from booksellers or direct from O'Reilly Media.
10.10 Creating a Directory
Problem
You have to create a directory, and you want to do it portably, i.e., without using OS-specific APIs.
Solution
On most platforms, you will be able to use the mkdir system call that is shipped with most compilers as part of the C headers. It takes on different forms in different OSs, but regardless, you can use it to create a new directory. There is no standard C++, portable way to create a directory. Check out Example 10-15 to see how.
Example 10-15. Creating a directory
#include <iostream>
#include <direct.h>
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
if (argc < 2) {
std::cerr << "Usage: " << argv[0] << " [new dir name]\n";
return(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (mkdir(argv[1]) == -1) { // Create the directory
std::cerr << "Error: " << strerror(errno);
return(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
Discussion
The system call for creating directories differs somewhat from one OS to another, but don't let that stop you from using it anyway. Variations of mkdir are supported on most systems, so creating a directory is just a matter of knowing which header to include and what the function’s signature looks like.
Example 10-15 works on Windows, but not Unix. On Windows, mkdir is declared in <direct.h>. It takes one parameter (the directory name), returns -1 if there is an error, and sets errno to the corresponding error number. You can get the implementation-defined error text by calling strerror or perror.
On Unix, mkdir is declared in <sys/stat.h>, and its signature is slightly different. The error semantics are just like Windows, but there is a second parameter that specifies the permissions to apply to the new directory. Instead, you must specify the permissions using the traditional chmod format (see the chmod man page for specifics), e.g., 0777 means owner, group, and others all have read, write, and execute permissions. Thus, you might call it like this on Unix:
#include <iostream>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
if (argc < 2) {
std::cerr << "Usage: " << argv[0] << " [new dir name]\n";
return(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (mkdir(argv[1], 0777) == -1) { // Create the directory
std::cerr << "Error: " << strerror(errno);
return(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
If you want portability, and don't want to write all the #ifdefs yourself, you should consider using the Boost Filesystem library. You can create a directory using the create_directory function, as shown in Example 10-16, which contains a short program that creates a directory.
Example 10-16. Creating a directory with Boost
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <boost/filesystem/operations.hpp> #include <boost/filesystem/fstream.hpp>
using namespace std;
using namespace boost::filesystem;
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
// Parameter checking...
try {
path p = complete(path(argv[1], native));
create_directory(p);
}
catch (exception& e) {
cerr << e.what() << endl;
}
return(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
The create_directory function creates a directory identified by the path argument you give it. If that directory already exists, a filesystem_error exception is thrown (derived from the standard exception class). For an explanation of the path class and complete function, both of which are part of the Boost Filesystem library, take a look at the discussion in Recipe 10.7. See Recipe 10.11 for an example of how to remove a directory and all the files it contains. If, on the other hand, portability is not a concern, consult your OS's proprietary filesystem API, which will most likely offer more flexibility.
See Also
Recipe 10.12
Next: 10.11 Removing a Directory >>
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 This article is excerpted from chapter 10 of the C++ Cookbook, written by Ryan Stephens, Christopher Diggins, Jonathan Turkanis and Jeff Cogswell (O'Reilly; ISBN: 0596007612). Check it out today at your favorite bookstore. Buy this book now.
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