Iterators in Ruby - 7.6 Changing the Way an Object Iterates
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Problem
You want to use a data structure as an Enumerable, but the object’s implementation of #eachdoesn’t iterate the way you want. Since all ofEnumerable’s methods are based oneach, this makes them all useless to you.
Discussion
Here’s a concrete example: a simple array.
array = %w{bob loves alice}
array.collect { |x| x.capitalize }
# => ["Bob", "Loves", "Alice"]
Suppose we want to callcollect on this array, but we don’t wantcollectto useeach: we want it to usereverse_each. Something like this hypotheticalcollect_ reversemethod:
array.collect_reverse { |x| x.capitalize }
# => ["Alice", "Loves", "Bob"]
Actually defining acollect_reversemethod would add significant new code and only solve part of the problem. We could overwrite the array’seach implementation with a singleton method that callsreverse_each, but that’s hacky and it would surely have undesired side effects.
Fortunately, there’s an elegant solution with no side effects: wrap the object in anEnumerator. This gives you a new object that acts like the old object would if you’d swapped out itseachmethod:
require 'enumerator'
reversed_array = array.to_enum(:reverse_each)
reversed_array.collect { |x| x.capitalize }
# => ["Alice", "Loves", "Bob"]
reversed_array.each_with_index do |x, i|
puts %{#{i}=>"#{x}"}
end
# 0=>"alice"
# 1=>"loves"
# 2=>"bob"
Note that you can’t use theEnumeratorfor our array as though it were the actual array. Only the methods ofEnumerableare supported:
reversed_array[0]
# NoMethodError: undefined method `[]' for #<Enumerable::Enumerator:0xb7c2cc8c>
Discussion
Whenever you’re tempted to reimplement one of the methods of Enumerable, try using an Enumerator instead. It’s like modifying an object’seach method, but it doesn’t affect the original object.
This can save you a lot of work. Suppose you have a tree data structure that provides three different iteration styles:each_prefix,each_postfix, andeach_infix. Rather than implementing the methods ofEnumerablefor all three iteration styles, you can leteach_ prefixbe the default implementation ofeach, and calltree.to_enum(:each_postfix)ortree.to_enum(:each_infix)if you need anEnumerablethat acts differently.
A single underlying object can have multiple Enumerable objects. Here’s a second Enumerablefor our simple array, in whicheach acts likeeach_with_indexdoes for the original array:
array_with_index = array.enum_with_index
array_with_index.each do |x, i|
puts %{#{i}=>"#{x}"}
end
# 0=>"bob"
# 1=>"loves"
# 2=>"alice"
array_with_index.each_with_index do |x, i|
puts %{#{i}=>#{x.inspect}}
end
# 0=>["bob", 0]
# 1=>["loves", 1]
# 2=>["alice", 2]
When yourequire 'enumerator',Enumerable sprouts two extra enumeration methods,each_consandeach_slice. These make it easy to iterate over a data structure in chunks. An example is the best way to show what they do:
sentence = %w{Well, now I've seen everything!}
two_word_window = sentence.to_enum(:each_cons, 2)
two_word_window.each { |x| puts x.inspect }
# ["Well,", "now"]
# ["now", "I've"]
# ["I've", "seen"]
# ["seen", "everything!"]
two_words_at_a_time = sentence.to_enum(:each_slice, 2)
two_words_at_a_time.each { |x| puts x.inspect }
# ["Well,", "now"]
# ["I've", "seen"]
# ["everything!"]
Note how any arguments passed intoto_enumare passed along as arguments to the iteration method itself.
In Ruby 1.9, theEnumerable::Enumeratorclass is part of the Ruby core; you don’t need therequirestatement. Also,each_consandeach_sliceare built-in methods ofEnumerable.
See Also
- Recipe 7.9, “Looping Through Multiple Iterables in Parallel”
- Recipe 20.6, “Running a Code Block on Many Objects Simultaneously”
Next: 7.7 Writing Block Methods That Classify or Collect >>
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 This article is excerpted from chapter eight of the Ruby Cookbook, written by Lucas Carlson and Leonard Richardson (O'Reilly, 2006; ISBN: 0596523696). Check it out today at your favorite bookstore. Buy this book now.
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