Sample Chapter: Beginning XML - Parsing XML

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The main reason for creating all of these rules about writing well-formed XML documents is so that we can create a computer program to read in the data, and easily tell markup from information.

According to the XML specification (http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210#sec-intro): "A software module called an XML processor is used to read XML documents and provide access to their content and structure. It is assumed that an XML processor is doing its work on behalf of another module, called the application."

An XML processor is more commonly called a parser, since it simply parses XML and provides the application with any information it needs. There are quite a number of XML parsers available, many of which are free. Some of the better known ones are listed below.

Microsoft Internet Explorer Parser

Microsoft's first XML parser shipped with Internet Explorer 4 and implemented an early draft of the XML specification. With the release of IE5, the XML implementation was upgraded to reflect the XML version 1 specification. The latest version of the parser (March 2000 Technology Preview Release) is available for download from http://msdn.microsoft.com/downloads/webtechnology/xml/msxml.asp. In this book we'll be mainly using the IE5 version.

James Clark's Expat

Expat is an XML 1.0 parser toolkit written in C. More information can be found at http://www.jclark.com/xml/expat.html and Expat can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.jclark.com/pub/xml/expat.zip. It is free for both private and commercial use.

Vivid Creations ActiveDOM

Vivid Creations (http://www.vivid-creations.com) offers several XML tools, including ActiveDOM. ActiveDOM contains a parser similar to the Microsoft parser and, although it is a commercial product, a demonstration version may be downloaded from the Vivid Creations web site.

DataChannel XJ Parser

DataChannel, a business solutions software company, worked with Microsoft to produce an early XML parser written in Java. Their website (http://xdev.datachannel.com/directory/xml_parser.html) provides a link to get their most recent version. However, they are no longer doing parser development. They have opted instead to use the xml4j parser from IBM.

IBM xml4j

IBM's AlphaWorks site (http://www.alphaworks.ibm.com) offers a number of XML tools and applications, including the xml4j parser. This is another parser written in Java, available for free, though there are some licensing restrictions regarding its use.

Apache Xerces

The Apache Software Foundation's Xerces sub-project of the Apache XML Project (http://xml.apache.org/) has resulted in XML parsers in Java and C++, plus a Perl wrapper for the C++ parser. These tools are in beta, they are free, and the distribution of the code is controlled by the GNU Public License.

Errors in XML

As well as specifying how a parser should get the information out of an XML document, it is also specified how a parser should deal with errors in XML. There are two types of errors in the XML specification: errors and fatal errors.

• An error is simply a violation of the rules in the specification, where the results are undefined; the XML processor is allowed to recover from the error and continue processing.
• Fatal errors are more serious: according to the specification a parser is not allowed to continue as normal when it encounters a fatal error. (It may, however, keep processing the XML document to search for further errors.) Any error which causes an XML document to cease being well-formed is a fatal error.

The reason for this drastic handling of non-well-formed XML is simple: it would be extremely hard for parser writers to try and handle "well-formedness" errors, and it is extremely simple to make XML well-formed. (HTML does not force documents to be as strict as XML does, but this is one of the reasons why web browsers are so incompatible; they must deal with all of the errors they may encounter, and try to figure out what the person who wrote the document was really trying to code.)

But draconian error handling doesn't just benefit the parser writers; it also benefits us when we're creating XML documents. If I write an XML document that doesn't properly follow XML's syntax, I can find out right away and fix my mistake. On the other hand, if the XML parser tried to recover from these errors, it may misinterpret what I was trying to do, but I wouldn't know about it because no error would be raised. In this case, bugs in my software would be much harder to track down, instead of being caught right at the beginning when I was creating my data.

Summary

This chapter has provided you with the basic syntax for writing well-formed XML documents.

We've seen:

• Elements and empty elements
• How to deal with white space in XML
• Attributes
• How to include comments
• XML declarations and encodings
• Processing instructions
• Entity references, character references and CDATA sections

We've also learned why the strict rules of XML grammar actually benefit us, in the long run, and how some of the rules for authoring HTML are different from the rules for authoring well-formed XML.

Unfortunately – or perhaps fortunately – you probably won't spend much of your time just authoring XML documents. But once you have the data in XML form, you still have to be able to use that data. In the chapters that follow we'll learn some of the other technologies surrounding XML, which will help you to make use of your data, starting with one of the most common: display.

Final Comments

If you'd like to read some reviews on "Beginning XML", or if you'd like to purchase it then you can do so here.

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